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Large Language Models and Foundation Models in Ophthalmology

How can we democratize ophthalmic care with AI?

By Andrzej Grzybowski, Kai Jin 10/6/2025 4 min read

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping ophthalmology through large language models (LLMs) and foundation models, which enhance diagnostic accuracy and streamline clinical workflows. These advanced models can perform multiple tasks, from disease detection to generating patient-friendly reports, transforming how clinicians interact with eye health data. However, challenges such as data bias, clinician trust, and regulatory hurdles must be addressed to ensure equitable access to these technologies across varying demographics and locations, ultimately aiming for AI equity in ophthalmology.

About the Author(s)

Andrzej Grzybowski

Andrzej Grzybowski is a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland, and the Head of Institute for Research in Ophthalmology at the Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland. He is EVER Past-President, Treasurer of the European Academy of Ophthalmology, and a member of the Academia Europea. He is co-founder and leader of the International AI in Ophthalmology Society (https://iaisoc.com/) and has written a book on the subject that can be found here: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-78601-4.

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Kai Jin

Kai Jin MD, PhD is a clinician-scientist and research fellow at the Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. His work focuses on ophthalmology, artificial intelligence, and precision medicine. He has led multiple national research grants and published over 100 SCI papers in journals including NPJ Digital Medicine, IEEE TMI, and JAMA Ophthalmology. He serves as Associate Editor for NPJ Digital Medicine and BMJ Open Ophthalmology, and as reviewer for The BMJ and Lancet Digital Health. He is a member of ARVO and was listed among Elsevier–Stanford’s Top 2% Global Scientists in 2024.  

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