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The Ophthalmologist / Issues / 2025 / September / Rethinking Ophthalmology Through the Microbiome / Notecards
Educational Tools & Resources Retina Glaucoma

Rethinking Ophthalmology Through the Microbiome

From microbial scarcity to immunological significance – rethinking the eye's interface with its microbial environment

By Farhad Hafezi, Mark Hillen 9/24/2025 9 min read

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article Full Article subject Summary summarize Notecard

1. The gut-eye axis connects gastrointestinal microbiota with ocular health.

2. Dysbiosis is linked to various ocular conditions.

3. Researchers are exploring probiotics as potential treatments.

4. The anterior chamber is not entirely sterile, challenging long-held beliefs.

5. Microbial imbalances can affect surgical outcomes in ophthalmology.

6. Future strategies may involve dietary adjustments and microbiota screening.

7. The microbiome plays a role in ocular inflammation and health.

About the Author(s)

Farhad Hafezi

Farhad Hafezi is a Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Geneva, Switzerland; Research Group Leader at the CABMM of the University of Zurich, Switzerland; Chief Medical Officer of the ELZA Institute, Zurich, Switzerland; Adjunct Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology at the USC Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, USA; Research Professor at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, and Visiting Professor at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. He is a six-time Ophthalmologist Power Lister.

More Articles by Farhad Hafezi

Mark Hillen

Mark Hillen is Director of Communications at ELZA. He was Editor of The Ophthalmologist from 2013-2018.

More Articles by Mark Hillen

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