Objective:

To understand the multifactorial risk factors contributing to the onset and progression of myopia, emphasizing its public health implications.

Key Findings:

• Global myopia prevalence rose from 23% in 2000 to an estimated 34% in 2020, with projections nearing 50% by 2050, highlighting a growing public health concern.
• Children with one myopic parent have double the risk of developing myopia; two myopic parents increase the risk fivefold.
• Each additional diopter-hour of near work per week increases myopia odds by approximately 2%.
• An additional hour of outdoor activity per day is associated with a 45% reduction in incident myopia.

Interpretation:

The rise in myopia prevalence is driven by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, particularly educational demands and reduced outdoor activity, necessitating urgent action.

Limitations:

• Current evidence on the impact of digital screen time on myopia is heterogeneous, indicating a need for further research.
• Limited understanding of the independent contributions of sleep duration and postural habits.

Conclusion:

Addressing lifestyle factors, particularly increasing outdoor time, is crucial for myopia prevention, especially in children, alongside necessary policy changes.